Anatomical Orientation

Vocabulary

Anatomy - Study of body structure
Physiology - Study of body function
Cytology - Study of cells
Histology - Study of tissue
Embryology - Study of development
Pathology - study of diseased Tissue
Gross Anatomy - Study of large (visible) structure
Microscopic Anatomy - Study of small, microscopic, structures
Surface Anatomy - Study of the body from the outside
Cephalic/Superior - Top of head
Caudal - End of tail
Inferior - Soles of the feet
Body Axis - Top of head to groin
Medial axis - Main superior-inferior axis through the midline
Ventral/anterior - Front, belly
Dorsal/posterior - Back
Lateral - To the side
Medial - Towards the middle
Proximal - Limbs/appendages - towards the trunk
Distal - Away from the trunk
Dorsum/Palmar - Back and front of hand
Dorsum and plantar - Top and sole of foot
Supine - Face up
Prone - Face down
Superficial - Surface
Deep - Below the surface, deeper

Sections

Transverse -
Cut perpendicular, at right angle to the body axis
Midsagittal -
Cut along body axis, left and right mirror images
Parasagittal -
Cut parallel to midsagittal plane
Frontal/Coronal -
Cut along body axis separating front and back

Methods -
Systemic versus Regional

Systemic - Typically 10

Integumentary
Skeletal
Muscular
Nervous
Endocrine
Cardiovascular
Urinary (Urogenital)
Gastrointestinal
Respiratory
Reproductive

Regional

Axial portion - Head, neck, and trunk
Appendicular - Limbs - arms and legs

Trunk/torso - Thorax, abdomen, and pelvis

Cavities

Dorsal cavity

- Central Nervous System (CNS)

Cranial Cavity - Brain
Vertebral Canal - Spinal cord

Ventral Cavity

- Visceral (w/scrotal)
Membrane covered organ systems

Thoracic - Chest, above the diaphragm, contains

Pleural Cavity - Lungs
Pericardial Cavity - Heart
Mediastinum

Abdominopelvic - below the diaphragm
- Pelvic -
  - Some large intestine
  - Rectum
  - Urinary bladder
  - Female reproductive organs
  Cavities of the Head
  - Sinuses
    - Frontal
    - Sphenoid
    - Ethmoidal
    - Maxillary
  - Orbital Cavity
  - Nasal Cavity
  - Oral Cavity
  - Middle Ear Cavity
  Linings
  - Parietal - Outside
  - Visceral - Surrounding organ
    Organs
  - Lungs - pleura
    Pleural cavity is located between parietal and visceral membranes
  - Heart - pericardium
    Pericardial cavity
  - Abdominal pelvic - peritoneum
    Peritoneal Cavity
  Membranes
  Mucous membranes
  - Moist epithelial tissue
  - Line systems which open to the exterior
  Locations
  - Digestive
  - Respiratory
  - Urinary
  - Reproductive
  Absorptive and Secretory
  
  Three Layers
  1. Top layer
    - Stratified squamous
    - Simple columnar
    - Goblet cells
  2. Middle layer
    - Loose areolar Connective Tissue
    - (CT)(basement membrane / Lamina propria)
  3. Bottom layer
    - Smooth muscle
    - (muscularis mucosae)
  Secrete Mucus - thick and viscous fluid
  
  Serous Membranes
  
  - Do not open to the exterior
  * Visceral pleura
  1. Layer of Simple squamous mesothelium
  2. Thin layer of loose CT
    
    Secrete serous fluid
    (Thin and watery lubricant)
  Homeostasis
  - - Same status/constant environment
  - - Regulation of our internal environment; necessary for the cells of the body to survive and function
    - Temperature
    - Pressure
    - Humidity
    - Nutrients
    - Gases
    - Ions
    - Chemicals
  - Basis of physiology
  Level of Complexity
  - Atom
  - Molecule
  - Organelle
  - Cell
  - Tissue
  - Organ
  - Organ system
  - Organism
  Copyright © 2000 by M. J. Malachowski, Ph.D..
  
  This page last updated: 1/22/13

Anatomical Orientation

Vocabulary

Sections

Methods - Systemic versus Regional

Systemic - Typically 10

Regional

Cavities

Dorsal cavity

Ventral Cavity

Cavities of the Head

Linings

Organs

Membranes

Mucous membranes

Locations

Serous Membranes

Homeostasis

Level of Complexity

Copyright © 2000 by M. J. Malachowski, Ph.D.. This page last updated: 1/22/13

Methods -
Systemic versus Regional

Copyright © 2000 by M. J. Malachowski, Ph.D..

This page last updated: 1/22/13