Integration of Anatomy and Physiology
Structure and Function

• Proteins - Amino Acids
• Carbohydrates - Sugars
• Lipids - Fats
• Nucleic Acids - DNA, RNA, & XNA

MATTER

• Atoms
1. Nucleus
1. Proton
2. Neutron - Isotopes
2. Electrons
• Atomic Weight
• Atomic Number
1. Element
1. Characteristic
2. Unique
2. Shells
1. Electron residence
2. Magic Numbers
• 2
• 8
• Bonding
1. Ionic - Transfer
2. Covalent - Sharing
3. Electrostatic - Hydrogen
• Molecules - Two or more atoms
• pH
1. Hydrogen - H⁺
2. Hydroxide - OH^-
3. Scale 0 - 14
1. Low - Acid
2. 7 - Neutral
3. High - Base
• Formulas
• Functional Groups
1. Hydrocarbons
1. Methyl
2. Ethyl
2. Alcohols
3. Carbonyls
1. Aldehydes
2. Ketones
3. Carboxyl
4. Amines
5. Phosphate compounds
• Biological Molecules
1. Proteins - Amino Acids
2. Carbohydrates - Sugars
3. Fats - Lipids
4. Nucleic Acids - DNA and RNA
• Proteins
1. Structure
1. Primary - AA chain
2. Secondary - alpha helix
3. Tertiary
1. Functional Moiety
2. Enzyme
2. Function
1. Organic Catalyst
2. Reaction Activation
3. Coenzyme
• Carbohydrates
1. Composition
1. Carbon
2. Water
2. Monosaccharides
1. Hexose
1. Glucose
2. Pentose
1. Fructose
2. Ribose
3. Disaccharide
1. Maltose
2. Cellulobiose
3. Sucrose
4. Polysaccharide
1. Starch
2. Glycogen
3. Cellulose
• Fats
1. Structure
1. Glycerol Backbone
2. Fatty Acid tails
2. Saturated or not
3. Length - fluidity
4. Glyceraldehydes
1. Mono-
2. Di-
3. Tri-
4. Phospho-
• Nucleic Acids
1. Structure - Nucleotide
1. Sugar
1. Ribose
2. Deoxyribose
2. Base
1. Purines
1. Adenine
2. Guanine
2. Pyrimidines
1. Cytosine
2. Thymine
3. Uracil
3. Phosphate