A14
Review Questions,
M. J. Malachowski, Ph.D
Tissue
- What is a tissue? What are the two components of any tissue? Name the four general types of tissue.
- Know the general features of epithelial tissues:
- What are their functions?
- Where are they always located?
- How are the cells and intercellular materials arranged?
- For each of the following types of epithelial tissues, be able to characterize the tissue, give two typical locations, and relate its structure to its function:
- simple squamous epithelium simple columnar epithelium
- stratified squamous epithelium pseudostratified columnar epithelium
- simple cuboidal epithelium
- The following special features are found in some epitheliums. Be able to characterize each feature, know its function, and know where it is found:
- goblet cells,
- cilia,
- keratin,
- microvilli,
- Know the general features of connective tissues:
- How are the cells and intercellular material arranged?
- What is the function of fibroblasts, macrophages, and mast cells?
- What are fibers and matrix?
- Briefly describe collagen, elastic, and reticular fibers.
- For each of the following types of connective tissue, be able to characterize the tissue, give two typical locations, and relate its structure to its functions;
- loose connective tissue
- adipose tissue
- dense connective tissue
- hyalin cartilage
- fibrous connective tissue
- fibrous cartilage
- elastic cartilage
- Why is blood generally considered a connective tissue? What kind of fibers and matrix occur in blood?
- What are the three types of muscle tissues? Be able to characterize each and differentiate them under the microscope.
- What are the cells of the nervous tissue? Be able to characterize:
- neurons neuroglia astrocytes
- microglia Schwann cells ependimal cells
- oligodendrocytes
For each of the following tissues/tissue types:
- Squamous Epithelium - Top view or separated cells
- Can you distinguish simple versus stratified in these views? Why or why not?
- How can you tell, when looking at separated cells, that they are flat?
- What typical feature of epithelium is illustrated by the top view?
- Simple Squamous Epithelium
- Where in the body is this type of tissue located?
- Why is it an appropriate tissue in these locations – that is, how is its structure suited to its function?
- How are you going to recognize it when you see it?
- Stratified Squamous Epithelium
- The cells in this tissue change shape as you go deeper. How do you decide that it's squamous?
- Where in the body is this tissue found?
- How is its structure related to its function?
- Stratified Squamous Epithelium (keritinized)
- Which layer of the skin (name and location) is made of this tissue?
- What is the function of keratin? What happens to cells as they become keritinized.
- Where are the oldest cells in this tissue? The youngest?
- "Cornified skin" contains a thick layer of almost pure keratin. Where is cornified skin found?
- Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
- In slides of this tissue, be sure you know where the cuboidal epithelium stops and the next type of tissue starts.
- This tissue is found in almost all glands. What does it do there? Which organelle would be abundant in the cytoplasm of the cuboidal cells?
- Simple columnar Epithelium
- How do you recognize this tissue?
- Where is it located in the body?
- Goblet Cells: What do they look like? What is their function?
- Microvilli:
- How do microvilli look under the electron microscope?
- How do they look in the ordinary microscope and in our slides?
- What is their function?
- If a simple columnar epithelium has microvilli, where is it located?
- How are microvilli related to villi?
- Cilia:
- How do cilia look under the electron microscope? Light microscope?
- What is their function?
- In which organs would the columnar epithelium have cilia on its surface?
- Connective Tissue
- How are the cells arranged in connective tissue compared to epithelium?
- In connective tissue, what two things are present in addition to the cells?
- Areolar connective Tissue
- How will you recognize this tissue when you see it again?
- Where in the body is this tissue found?
- What are the fibers made of?
- Dense Connective Tissue
- You will notice how this compares to areolar tissue; it looks, and is, tougher.
- Fibrous Connective Tissue
- How are the fibers and cells arranged in this tissue?
- Where in the body (name and location) is such tissue found?
- Adipose Tissue
- How would you describe the cells in this tissue? What are they filled withy?
- Where would such tissue be found even in a person who is not at all fat?
- Which of the four basic tissue types does adipose tissue belong to?
- Blood
- Be able to recognize a slide of blood, and to distinguish red versus white cells.
- Why is blood considered a connective tissue? Describe the matrix and fibers.
- Bone
- Be able to recognize a slide of bone.
- Why is bone considered a connective tissue? Describe the matrix and fibers.
- Cartilage
- Be able to recognize a slide of cartilage.
- Why is bone considered a connective tissue?
Muscle
Muscle Characteristics
Smooth
Type Skeletal Single Unit Multiunit Cardiac
Characteristic
Thick and Thin
filaments Yes Yes Yes Yes
Sarcomeres
Banding patterns Yes No No Yes
Transverse
tubules Yes No No Yes
Sarcoplasmic
reticulum ++++ + + ++
Gap Junctions No Yes Few Yes
Calcium Source SR SR & EC SR & EC SR & EC
Ca Reg Site Troponin Myosin Myosin Troponin
Speed of
contraction Fast-slow Very slow Very slow Slow
Pacemaker No Yes No Yes
potential (selective)
Tone (self) No Yes No No
Neurostimulation Excitation E/Inhibition E/I E/I
Hormonal Influence No Yes Yes Yes
Stretch of fiber
Produces No Yes No No
contraction
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