MJM

1. What is the role of cartilage in the embryo?
   • Cartilage is "avascular". What does this mean?
   • How are cartilage cells nourished and their wastes removed?
   • Know five functions of cartilage in adults and give an example of each.
2. Know five functions of bone.
   • Know four functions of calcium.
3. Name and describe the three methods of bone formation.
4. What are osteoclasts, osteoblasts, and osteocytes?
   • Describe the ossification of a long bone during fetal life.
   • During growth, how do bones become longer? Thicker?
   • What causes a bone to stop growing?
   • What dietary nutrients are required for normal bone growth and maintenance?
   • What hormones control calcium balance between bone and blood?
   • What happens when a bone is broken? Describe the steps of the repair process.
   • What changes occur in bone during the aging process?
5. What is a Haversian system (osteon)?
   • How are Haversian systems arranged in compact long bone? Why?
6. Bones may be classified as:
   • long,
   • flat, or
   • irregular.
   • Give examples of each.
7. What are fontanels?
   • Which way does a newborn baby's spine curve?
   • Describe the cervical curve. When and why does it develop?
   • Describe and account for the lumbar curve.
8. What is a:
   • Synarthrosis?
   • Amphiarthrosis?
   • Diarthrosis?
   • For the following types of joints, be able to describe the general structure, list the movements they can perform, and give two examples:
     • ball-and-socket,
     • saddle,
     • hinge,
     • gliding,
     • pivot
   • What is the structure of the diarthrotic joint?
   • What is a bursa? Arthritis? A sprain?
9. Be able to recognize and give examples of the following types of movements:
   • flexion-extension
   • abduction-adduction
   • circumduction
   • rotation
   • supination-pronation
   • inversion-eversion