A14          

Study Questions Chapter 9,
M. J. Malachowski, Ph.D

Study Questions

Muscles



  1. What are the locations of skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle?
    • What do "voluntary" and "involuntary" mean when applied to muscles?
    • What activity are all muscles specialized for?
    • Know three functions of skeletal muscle.
  2. What is the relationship between a whole muscle, bundles, and fibers?
    • What is a tendon? A bursa?
    • What is unusual about the nuclei in a skeletal muscle fiber or cell?
  3. What is:
    • A somatic motor neuron?
    • A neuromuscular junction?
    • A motor unit?
    • What kind of nerve supply is mound in muscles which can perform small-scale delicate movements? In muscles that perform large-scale gross movements?
    • When a nerve impulse arrives at a neuromuscular junction, what two events are triggered in the muscle fiber?
    4. .
  4. Understand and account for the following facts:
    • Individual muscle fibers contract on an "all-or-none" principle.
    • Whole muscles contract on a "graded-strength" principles.
    5. .
  5. Describe what a skeletal muscle fiber looks like under the light microscope when it is:
    • relaxed and when it is contracted. Include:
      • A and I bands,
      • H and Z lines, and the
      • sarcolemma. (You should draw and label a diagram>)
    • Next, describe what con be seen with the electron microscope. Include:
      • actin and myosin,
      • T-tubes,
      • sarcolemma, and the
      • sarcoplasmic reticulum.
      • Indicate the extent of A and I bands,
      • H and Z lines. (You should draw and label a diagram.)
    • Now explain what happens inside the muscle fiber when it is stimulated by a nerve ending. How do the changes account for the appearance of the contracted muscle fiber under the light microscope?
    6. .
  6. Describe cellular respiration as it occurs in a resting muscle. Be sure to include the three storage mechanisms found only in muscle.
    • Explain how cellular respiration occurs in a contracting muscle.
    • When all the storage mechanisms are exhausted, what happens?
    • What is oxygen debt?
    • Why is the muscle finally unable to contract any more?
    • What happens in a recovering muscle?
    7. .
  7. What is meant by muscle tone?
    • What is a:
      • Flaccid paralysis?
      • Spastic paralysis?
      • Convulsion?
    • Describe a myoclonic jerk.
    8. .
  8. How do muscles benefit from exercise?
    • What is the difference between isotonic and isometric contractions?
    • Explain what is meant by "aerobic" exercise.
    9. .
  9. How do muscles change with age?












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Updated 9/8/04 Miko Dr. Malachowski @ CCSFt